Joined: Feb 06, 2004 Posts: 218 Location: Oregon, USA
Posted: Tue Feb 17, 2004 12:18 am Post subject: Why I hate Marconi
First of all, yes, I hate him.
Perhaps you don't know who I am talking about when I say Marconi.
A little background for you:
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Guglielmo Marconi was born at Bologna, Italy, on April 25, 1874, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi, an Italian country gentleman, and Annie Jameson, daughter of Andrew Jameson of Daphne Castle in the County Wexford, Ireland. He was educated privately at Bologna, Florence and Leghorn. Even as a boy he took a keen interest in physical and electrical science and studied the works of Maxwell, Hertz, Righi, Lodge and others. In 1895 he began laboratory experiments at his father's country estate at Pontecchio where he succeeded in sending wireless signals over a distance of one and a half miles, thus becoming the inventor of the first practical system of wireless telegraphy.
Here He is the evil Bast$%d
In 1896 Marconi took his apparatus to England where he was introduced to Mr. (later Sir) William Preece, Engineer-in-Chief of the Post Office, and later that year was granted the world's first patent for a system of wireless telegraphy. He demonstrated his system successfully in London, on Salisbury Plain and across the Bristol Channel, and in July 1897 formed The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company Limited (in 1900 re-named Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company Limited). In the same year he gave a demonstration to the Italian Government at Spezia where wireless signals were sent over a distance of twelve miles. In 1899 he established wireless communication between France and England across the English Channel. He erected permanent wireless stations at The Needles, Isle of Wight, at Bournemouth and later at the Haven Hotel, Poole, Dorset.
In 1900 he took out his famous patent No. 7777 for "tuned or syntonic telegraphy" and, on an historic day in December 1901, determined to prove that wireless waves were not affected by the curvature of the Earth, he used his system for transmitting the first wireless signals across the Atlantic between Poldhu, Cornwall, and St. John's, Newfoundland, a distance of 2100 miles.
Between 1902 and 1912 he patented several new inventions. In 1902, during a voyage in the American liner "Philadelphia", he first demonstrated "daylight effect" relative to wireless communication and in the same year patented his magnetic detector which then became the standard wireless receiver for many years. In December 1902 he transmitted the first complete messages to Poldhu from stations at Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, and later Cape Cod, Massachusetts, these early tests culminating in 1907 in the opening of the first transatlantic commercial service between Glace Bay and Clifden, Ireland, after the first shorter-distance public service of wireless telegraphy had been established between Bari in Italy and Avidari in Montenegro. In 1905 he patented his horizontal directional aerial and in 1912 a "timed spark" system for generating continuous waves.
In 1914 he was commissioned in the Italian Army as a Lieutenant being later promoted to Captain, and in 1916 transferred to the Navy in the rank of Commander. He was a member of the Italian Government mission to the United States in 1917 and in 1919 was appointed Italian plenipotentiary delegate to the Paris Peace Conference. He was awarded the Italian Military Medal in 1919 in recognition of his war service.
During his war service in Italy he returned to his investigation of short waves, which he had used in his first experiments. After further tests by his collaborators in England, an intensive series of trials was conducted in 1923 between experimental installations at the Poldhu Station and in Marconi's yacht "Elettra" cruising in the Atlantic and Mediterranean, and this led to the establishment of the beam system for long distance communication. Proposals to use this system as a means of Imperial communications were accepted by the British Government and the first beam station, linking England and Canada, was opened in 1926, other stations being added the following year.
In 1931 Marconi began research into the propagation characteristics of still shorter waves, resulting in the opening in 1932 of the world's first microwave radiotelephone link between the Vatican City and the Pope's summer residence at Castel Gandolfo. Two years later at Sestri Levante he demonstrated his microwave radio beacon for ship navigation and in 1935, again in Italy, gave a practical demonstration of the principles of radar, the coming of which he had first foretold in a lecture to the American Institute of Radio Engineers in New York in 1922.
He has been the recipient of honorary doctorates of several universities and many other international honours and awards, among them the Nobel Prize for Physics, which in 1909 he shared with Professor Karl Braun, the Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts, the John Fritz Medal and the Kelvin Medal. He was decorated by the Tsar of Russia with the Order of St. Anne, the King of Italy created him Commander of the Order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus, and awarded him the Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy in 1902. Marconi also received the freedom of the City of Rome (1903), and was created Chevalier of the Civil Order of Savoy in 1905. Many other distinctions of this kind followed. In 1914 he was both created a Senatore in the Italian Senate and app ointed Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order in England. He received the hereditary title of Marchese in 1929.
In 1905 he married the Hon. Beatrice O'Brien, daughter of the 14th Baron Inchiquin, the marriage being annulled in 1927, in which year he married the Countess Bezzi-Scali of Rome. He had one son and two daughters by his first and one daughter by his second wife. His recreations were hunting, cycling and motoring.
Marconi died in Rome on July 20, 1937.
From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam
Well, anyway that's him. In case that article did not make it clear enough, he is held as being the father of radio, by the Smithsonian and other institutions of debauchery which seek to veil the publics eyes from true history that would reveal the truth of what our daily lives could be. For the most part that article is utterly and entirely False, false, false!
Even PBS tells it this way:
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With his newly created Tesla coils, the inventor soon discovered that he could transmit and receive powerful radio signals when they were tuned to resonate at the same frequency. When a coil is tuned to a signal of a particular frequency, it literally magnifies the incoming electrical energy through resonant action. By early 1895, Tesla was ready to transmit a signal 50 miles to West Point, New York... But in that same year, disaster struck. A building fire consumed Tesla's lab, destroying his work.
The timing could not have been worse. In England, a young Italian experimenter named Guglielmo Marconi had been hard at work building a device for wireless telegraphy. The young Marconi had taken out the first wireless telegraphy patent in England in 1896. His device had only a two-circuit system, which some said could not transmit "across a pond." Later Marconi set up long-distance demonstrations, using a Tesla oscillator to transmit the signals across the English Channel.
Tesla filed his own basic radio patent applications in 1897. They were granted in 1900. Marconi's first patent application in America, filed on November 10, 1900, was turned down. Marconi's revised applications over the next three years were repeatedly rejected because of the priority of Tesla and other inventors.
The Patent Office made the following comment in 1903:
Many of the claims are not patentable over Tesla patent numbers 645,576 and 649,621, of record, the amendment to overcome said references as well as Marconi's pretended ignorance of the nature of a "Tesla oscillator" being little short of absurd... the term "Tesla oscillator" has become a household word on both continents [Europe and North America].
But no patent is truly safe, as Tesla's career demonstrates. In 1900, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company, Ltd. began thriving in the stock markets—due primarily to Marconi's family connections with English aristocracy. British Marconi stock soared from $3 to $22 per share and the glamorous young Italian nobleman was internationally acclaimed. Both Edison and Andrew Carnegie invested in Marconi and Edison became a consulting engineer of American Marconi. Then, on December 12, 1901, Marconi for the first time transmitted and received signals across the Atlantic Ocean.
Otis Pond, an engineer then working for Tesla, said, "Looks as if Marconi got the jump on you." Tesla replied, "Marconi is a good fellow. Let him continue. He is using seventeen of my patents."
But Tesla's calm confidence was shattered in 1904, when the U.S. Patent Office suddenly and surprisingly reversed its previous decisions and gave Marconi a patent for the invention of radio. The reasons for this have never been fully explained, but the powerful financial backing for Marconi in the United States suggests one possible explanation.
Tesla was embroiled in other problems at the time, but when Marconi won the Nobel Prize in 1911, Tesla was furious. He sued the Marconi Company for infringement in 1915, but was in no financial condition to litigate a case against a major corporation. It wasn't until 1943—a few months after Tesla's death— that the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Tesla's radio patent number 645,576. The Court had a selfish reason for doing so. The Marconi Company was suing the United States Government for use of its patents in World War I. The Court simply avoided the action by restoring the priority of Tesla's patent over Marconi.
Now that truly ain't the half of it. The truth of it is that even though the US Supreme Court did uphold the patents, he is still not given credit for the original patents and inventions to this day! The Smithsonian institute, which I mentioned earlier, still refuses to announce the reality of this truly magnificent inventor, and instead supports the thief and the fraud I refer to as Macaroni. Even Teslas Unipolar Dynamo is setting in an Edison Exibit, without so much as a single credit to the inventor, and making it seem as though the evil Edison was the creator of this device as well as AC power, give me a break.
Marconi worked for Tesla for around a year as a lab lackie in 1891, and I wonder where he got the idea...
This is why I hate Marconi, not that he was such a bad fellow, all theives should be sympathized with because there is a reason for what they are doing, but at the same time, they should be punished, and in this case severly. To bad you can't beat a dead corpse, but I think we should at least defame his body, and grave, perhaps that would begin to be fitting. However the most fitting thing of all, is to finally knock down the ivory tower called the Smithsonian, until they say "uncle" and begin to truly recognize what this magnificent inventor known as Tesla, the father of our modern world had to offer us, and begin to use it. Only by letting his soul rest by understaning, or in most cases, even beginning to phathom his technology, will he ever rest in peace.
This is your hero, this is the father of the modern world Nikolai Tesla
Marconi is and was, and as long as he's not recognized and scrutinized as such, the devil...He was born in Bologna after all, now don't that sound good? A Macaroni, and Bologna sandwich...mmmm.
Now you don't see that everyday. It doesn't mention it, but Lorentz correctly predicted Quantum Entanglement and recognized that it causes inertia - 'the universe acting on the object'
Posted: Thu Aug 11, 2005 4:00 am Post subject: Re: Why I hate Marconi
TheLoneInventor wrote:
In 1895 he began laboratory experiments at his father's country estate at Pontecchio where he succeeded in sending wireless signals over a distance of one and a half miles, thus becoming the inventor of the first practical system of wireless telegraphy.
TheLoneInventor wrote:
Marconi worked for Tesla for around a year as a lab lackie in 1891, and I wonder where he got the idea...
So how exactly did Marconi manage to work for Tesla in his lab in the US in 1891 if he only left Italy in 1896, and furthermore only started experiments into wireless telegraphy in 1895??
While I agree that Marconi isn't the lone inventor/hero that he is often portrayed in overly simplistic historical accounts, I don't think he is the villan you make him out to be. All scientists, inventors and engineers build on the achievments of the men & women that have gone before them, otherwise every generation would just re-invent the wheel. And Marconi did acknowledge his usage of Tesla technology although maybe not as much in the legal sphere as he should have. But did Tesla acknowledge the work of the scientists that went before him such as, among others, James Clerk Maxwell, Heinrich Hertz, and Edison (oohh...controversial)??
Anyway, science and technology is never the result of the lone genius - it is all about colloboration - read Lisa Jardine's "Ingenious Pursiots" for an interesting discussion of cross-over and colloboration during the Scientific Revolution.
Joined: Feb 06, 2004 Posts: 218 Location: Oregon, USA
Posted: Thu Aug 11, 2005 11:09 pm Post subject: Why I hate Marconi
Hello e_bruton and welcome!
e_bruton wrote:
Quote:
So how exactly did Marconi manage to work for Tesla in his lab in the US in 1891 if he only left Italy in 1896, and furthermore only started experiments into wireless telegraphy in 1895??
Well, from what I am able to glean from the history accounts I have available to me, Marconi left Italy in 1895 with his mother for England after the Italian government declined to support his radio research. Now, nothing I can find says that was the first time he had ever stepped foot out of his home country.
Even in the 1800s the US didn't have a "no one gets out alive" immigration, or emigration policy as I understand it. It was then as it is now, you were allowed to come and go as you please for the most part. According to all reports I can find, he was born into a wealthy family, which would more than afford him passage over seas. After all the reason Tesla arrived in the US with only four cents in his pocket is that he was robbed, all of his money and luggage stolen. The ship still let him aboard with virtually nothing!
As for starting his own experiments in 1895, that's obviously after 1891 which would support my statement of "I wonder where he got the idea..."
Here's what I am able to come up with as far as a Marconi time-line:
1891 Marconi allegedly worked for Tesla
1894 Marconi began his radio experiments
1895-96 reportedly moved to England with his mother
1895-1901?? Marconi's radio experiments continued in England. Demonstrations to the Office of War among others occurred culminating in a broadcast of a Morse code letter "S" (Three dots '...') for the distance of 2-6 Km (The dates and distances vary drastically depending on the source...Pro Marconi sources mind you of course;))
1896 Marconi patents filed in England titled "Improvements in transmitting electrical impulses and signals and in apparatus there-for"
1896 Patent for "Improvements in transmitting electrical impulses and signals and in apparatus there-for" is awarded to Marconi
1900 Marconi Files US patent which is denied because of "prior art"
In comparison a Tesla time-line:
1891 Tesla invents the Tesla coil
1893 Tesla, in St. Louis, Missouri, made the first public demonstration of radio communication. Addressing the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia and the National Electric Light Association, he described and demonstrated in detail the principles of radio communication.
1897 US Patent filed for "System of Transmission of Electrical Energy" and "Apparatus for Transmission of Electrical Energy"
1898-1900 The above mentioned US patents are awarded to Tesla
A quick note here, you will notice that some of the dates above have hyphens in them between years. If you do any research on this yourself, online anyway, the dates vary greatly in some instances. That's why history is just that, "his story". It's really hard for us to look back through time (at this point anyway ) and get definitive answers. Also, it is widely purported that Tesla actually developed the radio transmission equipment in Europe. I believe the stories place Marconi in his US lab, but either case seems just as likely. We must remember as well that there were far fewer people in the world at that point in time, so it was easier for people of similar interests to congregate together which was not at all uncommon. That's why Tesla was hanging out with people like Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) etc. Probably wouldn't happen so readily today.
"He finally received British patent 12,039 on July 2, 1897 for "Improvements in Transmitting Electrical Impulses and Signals and in Apparatus therefor." Patent 7,777 (issued April 16, 1900) covered a selective tuning device to resonate the antenna circuit of a spark transmitter"
"A selective tuning device to resonate the antenna circuit of a spark transmitter" aye? Sounds familiar, like something called a "Tesla oscillator" actually...
That's actually why the USPTO continued to turn Marconi's patent applications down, as they couldn't believe his arrogance in saying that "he had never heard of a Tesla oscillator".
e_bruton wrote:
Quote:
And Marconi did acknowledge his usage of Tesla technology although maybe not as much in the legal sphere as he should have.
I would like to see a reference for that credit being given by Marconi to Tesla, as honestly all I can find is what I wrote in the paragraph about that quote. The routine denial of any knowledge of Tesla or what he was doing. I certainly agree with the last part of that statement though.
e_bruton wrote:
Quote:
But did Tesla acknowledge the work of the scientists that went before him such as, among others, James Clerk Maxwell, Heinrich Hertz, and Edison (oohh...controversial)??
Can't say as I have seen that either. Maxwell and Hertz would definitely deserve recognition, as would Farady and countless others. I don't know what he would have to thank Edison for however, other than a good lesson about how we American's can take unfair advantage of immigrants.
From my standpoint, yes Marconi was the first to file a patent application on the radio. That statement does have two great big problems with it though, namely:
First, the "resonant air core transformer" or "Tesla oscillator" commonly known as a "Tesla coil" was invented, by the afore mentioned Tesla in 1891 (Yes the same year Marconi allegedly worked for Tesla). That transformer is the basis for radio transmission, of any type. It was then, and it is now. Therefore, Marconi's patent should not have been issued to him over seas either, as it should have been disqualified by "prior art", as it included a Tesla oscillator in it's circuitry, it had to!
Secondly, Tesla publicly demonstrated the radio system in 1893, again establishing "prior art" in the field.
Then as now, the patent offices around the world would rather collect their fee, and hand you a bogus patent. "Let the courts decide" is their attitude, and it couldn't be more wrong.
e_bruton wrote:
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While I agree that Marconi isn't the lone inventor/hero that he is often portrayed in overly simplistic historical accounts, I don't think he is the villan you make him out to be.
Perhaps you are right. Honestly, I couldn't tell you for sure as I never met the man, Tesla either for that matter. Perhaps Tesla was the jerk, and Marconi the nice guy, we'll never know. What I do know is, that it angers me the way Tesla has been removed from history. Be he the bigger jerk or not, he has contributed more to our modern way of life than any other inventor I can name, and yes that includes Marconi by a very long shot, even if he was the nicer guy. I'm sure you might argue for Edison on that one, and that of course is your prerogative.
Quote:
Anyway, science and technology is never the result of the lone genius - it is all about colloboration - read Lisa Jardine's "Ingenious Pursiots" for an interesting discussion of cross-over and colloboration during the Scientific Revolution.
I couldn't disagree more! Although it is true that a great many of the fantastic inventions we take for granted in the modern age are, and can be rightfully attributed to a large conglomerate of inventors and scientist working hand in hand, locked away in a large corporate bee hive somewhere, this is not the way all magnificent innovations arise. This is truly a more modern trend we have come to refer to as compartmentalization, and there are many reasons for it, but that's beside the point.
Tesla is a perfect example of true genius inventions with credit deserved by none other than the inventor. The unipolar dynamo comes to mind, as well as the system to produce and distribute AC power. These inventions were completely in the face of everything that came before them, (DC, Edison's baby) and without them, we would not be allowed the comfort of typing to each other in this manner.
Logic gates, also come up. Again, no logic, no computers etc. etc. Now that's not to say that others wouldn't have come up with these things, certainly they would have. But the real question is when? And when that did happen, how long before they would be implemented, if at all?
I do whole heartedly agree that without the progression of society, stunning inventions would not take place nearly as often, as you mention
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"All scientists, inventors and engineers build on the achievements of the men & women that have gone before them, otherwise every generation would just re-invent the wheel"
I agree. I am certainly thankful to have been born into society which has advanced to it's current point. I appreciate current technology and the added abilities it gives us to live our lives. I am the first to point out however that the advancement doesn't come without cost. Cave men couldn't drive around in cars, but they worried not about nuclear holocaust either!
The truth of the matter is, I had bought the same line that you obviously have. "No truly great invention comes from the individual"!!? This is what I was taught in school, and was led to believe. I am therefore quite a bit more irate at the society which perpetuates this myth.
I hate being lied to! I'm sure you are probably the same way right? Well, what happened is, I bought the lie. For many years, I bought the lie, and I was an inventor no less! I figured, eh come up with a better mousetrap fine, but it's still a mousetrap. It wasn't until middle adolescence when I began to get outside of the schools library, and do some researching on my own. We didn't have the internet in those days (yes, I know very old, lol ) otherwise I would have benefited greatly by the wealth of information on all subjects to be found out here. I did however have a local library, and I began to read books about everything that peaked my interest.
I can't remember how, but I happened into books about Tesla. Perhaps it was the librarian, and very kind lady who always tried to find things that she knew would be "up my alley" so to speak. Anyway though, the point is I read, and read, and read! I couldn't believe my eyes. Here was a guy that we had built our modern lives around. An inventor that made very large contributions to the society in which we lived, and I had heard nothing about him.
I had heard of Marconi! Oh certainly, the father of radio right?! Edison, surely, "his light bulb gave birth to the industrial revolution" balderdash! Many would say that it was Tesla's AC power, and AC motors which began to fulfill many of the mundane tasks that had been previously addressed to humans. The truth is, the loom had a large part to do with it, although the Tesla motors gave the loom a whole new spin!
So basically, it's not just Marconi. For the sake of argument, let's forget Marconi, fine he invented the Radio, Tesla had nothing to do with it. Great. For the moment let's think that way, and then say, but what about everything else the man left us? The AC power that assuredly powers my computer as I write, and yours as you read, the lights over our heads, the radio in the background (just the power mind you, only the power...) If it stopped there, wouldn't that be enough to mention in a school book? Yes, but it does not stop there!! It continues through technologies so numerous, I cannot hope to name them all within a forum post, nor do I wish to attempt such an endeavor. Do you see my take on it?
I certainly apologize if I have offended you in any way, that was not my intention at all. I simply wonder if the reason why I was fed all those lies as a child was to keep me from dreaming that I could be like that, or you, or anyone for that matter. We all have the capability to accomplish great things, and they don't all have to be political.
The schools are great for telling you about those political heroes of history, although attempts to solicit those types of social changes in this political climate would certainly get you arrested for "incitement of riots" or some such thing, and they were frowned upon by the power structure at those points in history as well.
Again, I believe that truly great change in the world for the better can be accomplished! Technology, science and invention are the keys to this particular door. Without thinking big, we are bound to our problems. Someday perhaps science will prove even the "craziest" of Tesla, Lorentz and a large plethora of other inventor's and scientist's rants to be truer than we could have ever dreamed possible. We can only hold our breath so long!
I am a firm believer in strong minded intelligent discourse, and I enjoy the opportunity to engage in it. Great to make your aquaintance e_bruton, and I hope to talk with you again soon.
Posted: Tue Mar 21, 2006 8:04 am Post subject: Re: Why I hate Marconi
TheLoneInventor wrote:
Well, from what I am able to glean from the history accounts I have available to me, Marconi left Italy in 1895 with his mother for England after the Italian government declined to support his radio research. Now, nothing I can find says that was the first time he had ever stepped foot out of his home country.
It is true that Marconi left Italy before 1895 - in 1879 he was sent to school in Bedford, England for two years. Upon his return, he finished his education in Florence and received an informal education from Professor Righi, a family friend and professor at the University of Bologna, on the topic of electromagnetism and Hertzian waves. However, there is no documented, or even suggested, evidence to indicate that Marconi went to the USA when he was 17 years old, let alone worked for Tesla. Surely, one of his many biographers would have noted a two year absence in this pivotal time in his life. I'm not suggesting that he couldn't have travelled to the US had he wanted to, rather that there is absolutely no evidence whatsoever that he went. You are really going to have let that one go.
TheLoneInventor wrote:
As for starting his own experiments in 1895, that's obviously after 1891 which would support my statement of "I wonder where he got the idea..."
As mentioned in frequent biographies and journal articles, Marconi was inspired to experiment with wireless telegraphy by assorted articles on the topic of electromagnetism, some given to him by the aforementioned Prof Righi. Prof Righi was himself experimenting with 'Hertzian waves' and Marconi did use so-called 'Righi oscillators' in some of his early experiments. I am not suggesting that Marconi was the only individual working on wireless telegraphy at the time - there were others in the US (including Tesla), Russia and Britain, amongst others. However, Marconi was by far the most successful both in terms of practical advances and commercial successes.
TheLoneInventor wrote:
Here's what I am able to come up with as far as a Marconi time-line:
1891 Marconi allegedly worked for Tesla
Not to put this mildly, but this is complete rubbish. Not once have you given any substanial external evidence for this event other than you own misguided faith in it. Either produce recognised documentation or give it up.
TheLoneInventor wrote:
Also, it is widely purported that Tesla actually developed the radio transmission equipment in Europe.
First it is Marconi that travelled to the USA for two years without anyone appearing to notice and now it is Tesla who travels to Europe for a few years without anyone noticing. Seriously, this is utterly ridiculous. You are looking for conspiracy theories where absolutely none exist.
TheLoneInventor wrote:
Secondly, Tesla publicly demonstrated the radio system in 1893, again establishing "prior art" in the field.
Many others had demonstrated 'prior art' to wireless communication prior to Tesla but none (including Tesla) could demonstrate a truly efficient and practical working system that did not require constant calibration by the inventor himself. Hence, while there may have been prior instances of wireless communication, few were repeatable and none were practical and therefore patentable.
TheLoneInventor wrote:
So basically, it's not just Marconi. For the sake of argument, let's forget Marconi, fine he invented the Radio, Tesla had nothing to do with it. Great. For the moment let's think that way, and then say, but what about everything else the man left us? The AC power that assuredly powers my computer as I write, and yours as you read, the lights over our heads, the radio in the background (just the power mind you, only the power...) If it stopped there, wouldn't that be enough to mention in a school book? Yes, but it does not stop there!! It continues through technologies so numerous, I cannot hope to name them all within a forum post, nor do I wish to attempt such an endeavor. Do you see my take on it?
My exact point - give credit where it is due. Give credit to Marconi for what he did and do the same for Tesla.
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) and get definitive answers. Also, it is widely purported that Tesla actually developed the radio transmission equipment in Europe. I believe the stories place Marconi in his US lab, but either case seems just as likely. We must remember as well that there were far fewer people in the world at that point in time, so it was easier for people of similar interests to congregate together which was not at all uncommon. That's why Tesla was hanging out with people like Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) etc. Probably wouldn't happen so readily today.
) otherwise I would have benefited greatly by the wealth of information on all subjects to be found out here. I did however have a local library, and I began to read books about everything that peaked my interest.